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2. Space Colonies Planet
3. Space Colonization
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1. Space Colonization is the Future of Humanity The United States’ space policies under the previous two Presidential administrations have not matched the ambition of the commercial sector. The author has criticized the National Space Policies of both President Obama and George W. Bush as being too “Earth.
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Gerard K. O'Neill

Space colony construction in the early UC era. In the Universal Century timeline, space colonies are placed at five gravitationally stable points in space, known as Lagrangian points.In most cases, a Lagrangian Point is home to more than one group of space colonies.A group of colonies that occupy a Lagrangian Point are known collectively as a 'Side'. Earth Space Colonies Trainer Our Earth Space Colonies +7 trainer is now available for version 1.2.3 and supports STEAM. These Earth Space Colonies cheats are. Jul 04, 2016 Earth Space Colonies is a strategy-simulation game where you build space colonies around the Solar system. Your first destination is Mars. Establish a first self-sustaining colony and terraform a. ST3-10ES-S Earth and Space explains regular events in the solar system and geological events on the Earth’s surface SKILLS FOCUS ASSESSMENT Working Scientifically Processing and analysing data Construct and use a range of representations, including tables and graphs, to represent. Jul 23, 2016  Current Trainers: Earth Space Colonies V0.711 Trainer +1 Earth Space Colonies V1.00 Trainer +4 Options: Inf.Resources Inf.Structures Integrity Inf.Items Super Storage Space Notice: First open game world then activate cheats after deploying main structure. Resources cheat work as every.

THE FUTURIST, February 1976

An earth-like space colony could be orbiting our world by 1990,says a Princeton University physicist. The colony�s 10,000 inhabitantswould enjoy green plants, animals, plains, valleys, hills, and streams.The colonists would pay offthe cost of building their extraterrestrialhome by manufacturing satellite solar power stations, which would supplycheap, virtually inexhaustible power to the earth.

During the past decade, a number of premises about thebasic problems of the world have become very widely accepted. The moreimportant of these accepted ideas are:

1. For the foreseeable future, every significant human activitymust be confined to the surface of the earth.
2. The material and energy resources of the human race are justthose of our planet.
3. Any realistic solutions to our problems of food, population,energy, and materials must be based on a kind of zero-sum game, in whichno resources can be obtained by one nation or group without being takenfrom another.

In my opinion, based on studies carried out at PrincetonUniversity, these three basic premises on which most discussions of thefuture have been based are simply wrong. The human race stands now on thethreshold of a new frontier whose richness is a thousand times greaterthan that of the new western world of 500 years ago.

That frontier can be exploited for all humanity, and itsultimate extent is a land area many thousands of times that of the entireearth. As little as 10 years ago we lacked the technical capability toexploit that frontier. Now we have that capability, and if we have thewillpower to use it, we can not only benefit all humanity, but also spareour threatened planet and permit its recovery from the ravages of the industrialrevolution.

The high frontier which I will describe is space, butnot in the sense of the Apollo program, a massive effort whose main lastingresults were scientific. Nor is it space in the sense of the communicationsand observation satellites, useful as they are. Least of all is it spacein the sense of science-fiction, in which harsh planetary surfaces weretamed by space-suited daredevils. Rather, it is a frontier of new lands,located only a few days travel time away from the earth, and built frommaterials and energy available in space.

Space Colonies: The Basic Plan

1. To establish a highly-industrialized, self-maintaininghuman community in free space, at a location along the orbit of the mooncalled L5, where free solar energy is available full time.
2. To construct that community on a short time scale, withoutdepending on rocket engines any more advanced than those of the space shuttle.
3. To reduce the costs greatly by obtaining nearly all ofthe construction materials from the surface of the moon.
4. At the space community, to process lunar surface raw materialsinto metals, ceramics, glass, and oxygen for the construction of additionalcommunities and of products such as satellite solar power stations. Thepower stations would be relocated in synchronous orbit about the earth,to supply the earth with electrical energy by low-density microwave beams.
5. Throughout the program, to rely only on those technologieswhich are available at the time, while recognizing and supporting the developmentof more advanced technologies if their benefits are clear.

The two key factors that make space colonization aneconomically sound idea are solar energy and lunar materials. As everyoneknows, the sun is a virtually inexhaustible source of clean energy. Onearth, solar energy use is hampered by nighttime, by seasonal variationin the day-length, and by clouds; in space, solar energy is always available,and also much more intense. The amount of solar energy which flows unused,in a year, through each square meter of free space is 10 times as muchas falls on an equal area in even the most cloud-free portions of Arizonaor New Mexico. A solar-energy installation in space, therefore, is potentiallyable to operate at a tenth the cost at which it could operate on earth.

The cost of space colonization could be reduced furtherby obtaining construction materials from the moon. On earth, we are the'gravitationally disadvantaged.' We are at the bottom of a gravitationalwell 4000 miles deep, from which materials can be lifted into space onlyat great cost. The energy required to bring materials from the moon tofree space is only one twentieth as much as from the earth, and Apollosamples indicate that the moon is a rich source of metals, glass, oxygen,and soil. The moon�s lack of an atmosphere reduces further the cost oftransporting lunar materials to orbiting space colonies.

Lunar surface raw materials, would be transported by alaunching device called a mass driver; it exists now only on paper, butit can be designed and built with complete assurance of success becauseit requires no high-strength materials, no high accelerations or temperatures,and its principles are fully understood. The mass driver would be a linearelectric motor, forming a thin line several miles long, which would acceleratesmall 10-pound vehicles called buckets to lunar escape velocity, at whichtime they would release their payloads and then return on a side trackfor reuse. Warp 3.3 pro. The mass driver would be an efficient machine, driven by a solar-poweredor nuclear electric plant.

Building the First Colony

A modified space shuttle and a chemical space tug wouldbe used to transport basic construction equipment, supplies, and 2,000workmen to a point in space called L5. (L5 is a point in the moon�s orbitequidistant from the earth and the moon at which objects will remain ina stable orbit, stationary with respect to the moon.) A smaller work forceof about 200 people would establish a lunar outpost which would provide98% of the raw materials needed for the construction of Island One.

The mass driver, operating only 25% of the time, couldlift 500,000 tons of material to L5 in the six-year construction time ofIsland One. An identical machine, located in space, could be a very effectivereaction motor for the shifting of heavy payloads in the 100,000-ton range.

Lunar soil is 40% oxygen, 19.2% silicon, 14.3% iron, 8%calcium, 5.9% titanium, 5.6% aluminum, and 4.5% magnesium. The aluminumwould be the primary building material and the oxygen would be used asatmosphere and to fuel rocket engines. Lunar surface materials are poorin carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen, which would have to be brought fromearth. For every ton of hydrogen brought from earth, nine tons of watercould be made at the colony site, using oxygen from the processing of lunaroxides.

The removal of half a million tons of material from thesurface of the moon sounds like a large-scale mining operation, but itis not. The excavation left on the moon would be only five meters deepand 200 meters long and wide, not even enough to keep one small bulldozeroccupied for a five-year period.

In the long run, we can use the fact that the asteroidsare also a source of materials. The three largest asteroids alone containenough materials for the construction of new lands with a total area manythousands of times as large as that of the earth. Once the asteroidal resourcesare tapped, we should have not only metals, glass, and ceramics, but alsocarbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. These three elements, scarce on the moon,are believed to be abundant in the type of asteroid known as carbonaceouschondritic.

Island One

The first space community would house 10,000 people; 4,000would be employed building additional colonies, while 6,000 would be producingsatellite solar power stations. The interior of the colony will be as earth-likeas possible�rich in green plants, trees, animals, birds, and the otherdesirable features of attractive regions on earth. The design would allowa line of sight of at least a half mile, giving the residents a feelingof spaciousness. Widsmob viewer pro 1.2.1018 update. The landscape would feature plains, valleys, hills, streams,and lakes. The residential areas might consist of small apartment buildingswith big rooms and wide terraces overlooking fields and groves. Near theaxis of the structure, gravity would be much reduced and, consequently,human-powered flight would be easy, sports and ballet could take on a newdimension, and weight would almost disappear. It seems almost a certaintythat at such a level a person with a serious heart condition could livefar longer than on earth, and that low gravity could greatly ease manyof the health problems of advancing age.

The space colony would have separate residential, agricultural,and industrial areas, each with its optimal gravity, temperature, climate,sunlight, and atmosphere. Intensive agriculture would be possible, sincethe day-length and seasonal cycle would be controllable independently foreach crop and care would be taken not to introduce into the agriculturalareas the insect pests which hamper earth agriculture. Agriculture couldbe efficient and predictable, free of the extremes of crop failure andglut which the terrestrial environment forces on our farmers. Only 111acres would be needed to feed all 10,000 residents.

Energy Without Guilt

Non-polluting light industry would probably be carriedon within the living-habitat, convenient to homes and shops. Heavy industry,though, could be located in nearby external non-rotating factories becauseof the advantages of zero gravity. The combination of zero gravity andbreathable atmospheres would permit the easy assembly�without cranes, lift-trucks,or other handling equipment�of very large, massive products. These productscould be the components of new colonies, radio and optical telescopes,large ships for the further exploration of the solar system, and powerplants to supply energy for the earth. Within a century, other industriesmight be shifted to space colonies because of the abundant, free, pollutionlessenergy supply and the greater efficiency made possible by zero gravityand the vacuum of space.

Process heat for industry, at temperatures of up to severalthousand degrees, would be obtainable at low cost, simply by the use ofaluminum-foil mirrors to concentrate the ever-present sunlight. In space,a passive aluminum mirror with a mass of less than a ton and a dimensionof about 100 meters, could collect and concentrate, in the course of ayear, an amount of solar energy which on earth would cost over a milliondollars at standard electricity rates.

Electrical energy for a space community could be obtainedat low cost, within the limits of present technology, by a system consistingof a concentrating mirror, a boiler, a conventional turbogenerator, anda radiator, discarding waste heat to the cold of outer space. It appearsthat, in the environment of a space community, residents could enjoy aper capita usage of energy many times larger even than what is now commonin the United States, but could do so with none of the guilt which is nowconnected with the depletion of an exhaustible resource.

Shape of Future Colonies

Each colony would consist of a pair of cylinders, connectedby cables and spinning in opposite directions so that the total systemwould have almost no spin. Alternating stripes of land and window areaswould run the length of the cylinders; the cylinder walls would be madeof aluminum and glass. Agriculture would be housed in auxiliary capsulesconnected to the cylinders.

The smallest cylindrical colony, like the torus, wouldsupport 10,000 people. Each cylinder would be 3,280 feet long and 328 feetwide. A Model II colony would have three times more area and as many as100,000 people, and would be less dependent on earth for resources. ModelIII, which might be built early in the next century, would be so largethat a portion of the island of Bermuda or a section of the Californiacoast like Carmel could fit easily within one of its 'valleys.' Model IIIresidents would begin mining the asteroid belt for resources and wouldno longer need to import any materials from earth.

A Model IV colony consisting of two cylinders, each 19miles long and four miles in diameter, could house several million peoplecomfortably. Its atmosphere would be deep enough to include blue skiesand clouds. The endcaps of the cylinders could be modeled into duplicatesof a mountain range such as the Grand Tetons, with 8,000-foot peaks. Areflected image of the ordinary disc of the sun would be visible in thesky, and the sun�s image would move across the sky from dawn to dusk asit does on earth. The land area of one cylinder could be as large as 100square miles.

Eventually, it may be possible to build even larger sphericalstructures with diameters of up to 12 miles and a total habitable landarea of 250 square miles.

The date of realization of Model IV colonies does notdepend on materials or engineering�those we have already. Rather, it dependson a balance between productivity, a rising living standard, and the economiespossible with automation. Under the space colony conditions of virtuallyunlimited energy and materials resources, a continually rising real incomefor all colonists is possible�a continuation rather than the arrest ofthe industrial revolution. Reasonable estimates of 3% per year for thereal income rise, 8% for interest costs, and 10% for automation advancesput the crossover date (the date when large colonies become economicallyfeasible) about 40 to 50 years from now�well within the lifetimes of mostof the people who are now alive.

Night is approaching in this Model IV space colonycylinder, which is 19 miles long and four miles in diameter. The atmospherein the large colonies is deep enough to include blue skies and clouds.A reflected image of the sun moves across the sky from dawn to dusk. Theamount of light entering the cylinder is controlled by mirrors outsidethe stripes of window areas which alternate with the land areas in thecolony. The earth-like atmospheric effects make the colony seem more spaciousand natural.

First Colony Could Cost $100 Billion

The eventual cost of building the first colony will beaffected significantly by the following variables:

1. Frequency and efficiency of crew rotation between the earthand L5, and between the earth and the moon, during the construction period.
2. Extent of resupply needed during construction. This itemcan vary over a wide range, depending on the atmospheric composition neededat the construction station, and whether food is shipped in water-loadedor dry form.
3. Atmospheric composition. The structural mass of Island Oneis proportional to the internal atmospheric pressure, but independent ofthe strength of artificial gravity produced by rotation. Nitrogen constitutes79% of earth�s atmosphere, but we do not use it in breathing. To providean earth-normal amount of nitrogen would cost us two ways in space colonyconstruction, because structure masses would have to be increased to containthe higher pressure, and because nitrogen would have to be imported fromthe earth. A final choice of atmospheric mix would be based on a more completeunderstanding of fire protection.

With these factors in mind, three different preliminarycost estimates have been made for construction of Island One. My own spartanestimate, $33 billion, would allow for no crew rotation, an oxygen atmosphere,little resupply, and small power plants (10Kg/Kw) on the moon and at L5.The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center made two independent cost estimatesfor the project last year. The initial estimate, $200 billion, includeschemical and nuclear tugs, super shuttle development, orbital bases, anoxygen/nitrogen atmosphere, extensive crew rotation, resupply at 10 poundsper man/day, and power plants at 100 Kg/kW. A later re-estimate, carryinga $140 billion price tag, eliminates unnecessary lift systems, but stillincludes the oxygen/nitrogen atmosphere, crew rotation, resupply at 10pounds per man/day, and power plants at 100 Kg/kW. The two NASA estimatesalso appear to include a contingency factor for problems not yet identified.

Energy for the Earth

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Nuclear power is moderately expensive (1.5 cents/KWH)and is accompanied by the problems of nuclear proliferation and radioactivewaste disposal. Fossil fuels are scarcer now, and intensive strip-miningfor coal will almost inevitably further damage the environment. Solar energyon the earth is an unreliable source, suitable for daytime peak loads inthe American southwest, but not clearly competitive in most applicationsat the present time.

For several years, design groups at Boeing Aircraft andat Arthur D. Little, Inc., have studied the concept of locating large solarpower stations in geosynchronous orbit�where sunlight is available 99%of the time�to convert solar energy to electricity and beam it by microwavesto earth, where it would be reconverted to ordinary electricity. Already,an overall transmission efficiency of 54% has been demonstrated in tests.The main stumbling block has been the problem of lift costs. Constructionof the satellite solar power station (SSPS) units at the space colony,using lunar materials to avoid the high lift costs from earth, would makesolar energy competitive with other energy sources even from the start,according to my calculations. Eventually, solar electric power rates wouldbe much lower than those of coal-fired or nuclear power plants. No thermal,chemical, or radioactive pollution would be created, and the microwaveintensity would not exceed official exposure limits.

If development of the space colonies proceeds on the fastestpossible time-scale (with intensive design beginning this year and majorconstruction of the first colony beginning in 1982), the program couldpay back all of the total investment (plus 10% interest) in 24 years. Thetotal investment cost includes the development and construction cost ofthe first colony; the cost of lifting the materials needed from the earthfor subsequent colonies and for non-colony-built SSPS components; a paymentin dollars on earth of $10,000 per person/year to every colonist, representingthat portion of salaries convertible to goods and services on earth (forsubsequent use on visits or, if desired, on retirement); and a carryingcharge of 10% interest on the total investment (outstanding principal)in every year of the program. The economic output of the program is measuredin the sale of solar power at initial rates of 1.5 cents per Kilowatt-hour,gradually dropping to one cent per Kilowatt-hour.

To produce the necessary number of power satellites withinthis time-scale, a total work force of 100,000-200,000 people would berequired. In our calculations, we assumed that the construction of thefirst colony would take six years; thereafter, each colony could replicateitself in two years.

Each colony would produce two SSPS units per year. Theproductivity implied, 13-25 tons/person-year, is similar to that of heavyindustry on earth. New colony construction would be halted after the 16thcolony, due to market saturation. In this scenario, the benefit/cost ratiowould be 2.7.

By the 11th year of the program (1993 on the fastest possibletime-scale), the energy flowing to the power grids on earth from L5-builtSSPS units could exceed the peak flow rate of the Alaska pipeline. By the13th year, the SSPS plants could fill the entire market for new generatorcapacity in the U.S. By year 17, the total energy provided could exceedthe total estimated capacity of the entire Alaska North Slope oil field.Given the rapid growth of the manufacturing capacity and the possibilityof power cost reductions, true 'energy independence' for the nations takingpart in the L5 project could occur before the year 2000, with a shiftto production of synthetic fuels.

Cooperative Multinational Program Is Desirable

It would be naive to assume that the benefits of spacecolonization will be initially shared equitably among all of humanity,but the resources of space are so great that those who are first to exploitthem can well afford to provide the initial boost that will allow theirless advantaged fellow humans to share the wealth. Suddenly given a newworld market of several hundred billion dollars per year, the first groupof nations to build space manufacturing facilities could easily divertsome fraction of the new profits to providing low-cost energy to nationspoor in mineral resources, and to assisting underdeveloped nations by providingthem with initial space colonies of their own. The resources of space areso great that even those nations which achieve the ability to use themonly after a long delay will still find an abundance remaining. It shouldalso be emphasized that the provision of unlimited low-cost energy to thedeveloping nations will probably be the most effective contribution wecould make to solving the world�s food problem, because the cost of chemicalsfor high-yield agriculture is almost entirely the cost of energy for theirproduction.

If we use our intelligence and our concern for our fellowhuman beings in this way, we can, without any sacrifice on our own part,make the next decades a time not of despair, but of fulfilled hope, ofexcitement, and of new opportunity.

Public Response Is Favorable

A volunteer organization in Tucson, Arizona, recentlyspent an intensive week trying to get information to people about the spaceproject, and two weeks later carried out a random sampling telephone survey.They report that 45% of the people in that city now know about this project,and of those who know about it, two-thirds of them are already in favorof it.

The mail that I get�from many nations around the world,as well as the United States�runs 100-to-1 in favor of the project. Also,encouragingly, less than 1% of all mail is in any way irrational. Manyof the correspondents have offered volunteer help, and are actively workingat the present time in support of the space colonization concept. The lettersexpress the following reasons why this concept, in contrast to all otherspace options now extant, is receiving such broad support:

1. It is a right-now possibility. It could be realized withinthe immediate future.
2. In contrast to the elitism of the Apollo project or a mannedmission to Mars, it offers the possibility of direct personal participationby large numbers of ordinary people. Many of the correspondents, from hard-hatconstruction workers to highly-educated professional people, see themselvesas prospective colonists.
3. In contrast to such technical options as the supersonic transport,nuclear power, or the strip-mining of coal, it is seen as offering thepossibility of satisfying real needs while preserving rather than furtherburdening the environment.
4. It is seen as opening a new frontier, challenging the bestthat is in us in terms of technical ability, personal motivation and thedesire for human freedom. Many correspondents refer to space colonizationby analogy to the discovery of the New World or to the settlement a centuryago of the American frontier.

Colonies Offer Freedom and Diversity

From the vantage point of several decades in the future,I believe that our children will judge the most important benefits of spacecolonization to have been not physical or economic, but the opening ofnew human options, the possibility of a new degree of freedom, not onlyfor the human body, but much more important, for the human spirit and senseof aspiration.

This is the archive version of the Mike Combs Space Settlement web site and is provided as a courtesy of the National Space Society.

Space Colonies Planet

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Earth Space Colonies is a strategy-simulation game where you build space colonies around the Solar system. Your first destination is Mars. Establish a first self-sustaining colony and terraform a red wasteland into a green oasis. Balance your resources and expand the infrastructure. Build anything from high-tech factories, hotels, military bases to space elevators and terraformers. Colonize other worlds as well: defend a mining colony on a dwarf planet Ceres and explore the subsurface ocean on Ganymede, Jupiter’s largest moon.

Space Colonization

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